Education as Most Important Factor in Developing Country

Education is the single most important factor in the development of a country. Do you agree? What is actual value of education today? Nowadays, when our world is constantly developing in the area of economics, and other fields there’s  a strong growing need in experienced and talented people  who will be able to make significant contribution in the economy of the country’s life. Thus, it is important to say that  education plays a significant role in the development process of countries.To answer on my question, firstly I would like to point the importance of education. In real life, people can live without education but education is the quickest and surest way to help people improve their knowledge and to gain experiences. Basic education provides people with a greater understanding of basic daily information about life as well as of their own potential. Higher education  is not obligatory for young people. Thus, it means that they have only their experience to learn from.But those people who are longing for obtaining high positions in the society are required to have good knowledge basis. How can education improve development of country? A country with a strong educational system can more definitely develop in the future. In developing countries, improving people's knowledge is very important because their attitude can be influenced by the development of the country. There's a famous saying â€Å"If you give a man a fish you feed him for a day, if you teach the man to fish you feed him for a lifetime†.Education is long term investment. Maybe we will not be able to see the results imediately, but it is essential to ensure growth and prosperity. Also it is important to put quality before quantity – the goal must be for all education programmes to be of the highest quality, with the number of places tailored to the needs of the labour market. It is not the quantity of graduates that determines our competitiveness, but the qual ity of our programmes from an international perspective.With a good educational system, people can study easily, they can understand the newest technology, and then they can improve their lives. However, even with good educational system in one country, problem may arise. It is so called â€Å"brain drain†. It is defined as the loss of skilled intellectual and technical labor through the movement of such labor to more favorable geographic, economic, or professional environments. Individuals that are educated in developing country may move to the developed countries such as USA, England, and countinue their lifes there.In this case, education cannot bring any good for country where young people are more concerned about their own prosperity than prosperity of their native country. Although there are a lot of other factors that are of huge importance for growth of one country, I agree that education is the single most important development in the country. Of course, every person possesses good qualities along with bad ones, but  higher education gives us an opportunity  to develop our better sides by providing our society with members, whose aim is to contribute to the country’s development.

Political and economic development Essay

The wish of every political authority is to ensure that the state under its jurisdiction is economically and politically developed to an extent that its people are not exposed to vulnerable conditions. As such, every sitting government has the responsibility of ascertaining the wellbeing of its subjects. However, this is not an easy task to achieve. Many governments have failed to develop their states economically owing to various factors, much of which remain structural and organizational. For instance, the countries being referred to as third world suffer from major political and economic crisis which make them totally dependent upon other economically stable nations. However, the question that one is bound to ask is why some nations seem to be stable politically while other nations consider this an illusion, something which needs the mediation of higher powers. This paper looks at the factors that promote and undermine political and economic development of nation states. Economic development cannot be dissociated from political stability. Political stability on the other hand comes as a result of superior organizational and structural set up of the state. Higher political participation of citizens at all levels, manifested in organized political system results in a higher socio-economic development. Higher socio-economic development on the other hand stimulates more political participation. Political participation of subjects within a given state or nation is dependent upon the political attitude of those particular subjects since it is this political attitude which finally determines whether a given clique in office if furthering their own interest or the interest of the subjects. As such, the economic and political development of any nation is dependent upon those individuals responsible for the running of the state. Political participation of subjects is the major factor which determines how a nation or state develop politically and socio-economically. However, for subjects to be active politically, they must be of a higher social status. As a state expands economically, individuals achieve higher status roles as income increase. As such, wealth is created which comes with an element of tension. As old groups become displaced, new groups emerge which will naturally compete for domination within the state. The tensions which exist within these groups resulting into conflicts will heighten political awareness among groups and individuals. This will ultimately lead to an increased political participation among the subjects. The expanding economy will also be accompanied with the creation of multifarious organizations that will root for a greater integration resulting in the desire to control the state. The complexities which characterize an expanding economy will necessitate the expansion of the apparatus of the government making its role be seen by the different social groups as relevant to their interests. As this perception increases, they are likely to take actions aimed at influencing government policies. Ever since the birth of nation states in Europe, the process of modernization has emerged and flourished within them. National development has often been realized through the notion of citizenship as part of the political culture. It is an accepted fact that all citizens have equal rights before the law. The political participation of the subjects is legitimized by national political culture to a large extent. However, as much as economic development brings about increased status and wealth, many individuals use political participation as a means to achieving other goals. As such, they withhold political participation once they recognize that they can achieve these goals through other ways. For instance, an individual may use a political office for personal economic gain while ignoring the importance of that office in protecting or furthering the wellbeing of other individuals in the nation or state (Isbister, 1998). This is however dependent on the ideals of the nation. For a nation to achieve a holistic political and economic development, political participation becomes an integral factor for it is through political participation that subjects become aware of the role of government in protecting and furthering their interest. As such, in a nation state where individuals are politically active, politicians are likely to further the nation’s agenda which is primarily political and economic stability. Many politicians gain office by deceiving the majority and while ion office, lead the state to a state of collapse. It also follows that political and economic development can be tied with leadership skills and visions of such political leaders. Many economically stable nations have collapsed due to poor leadership which has in turn led to serious crises. Honest and focussed leaders who truly understand the problems of their people are the key to economic and political stability. However, this also requires the support of the population whose participation may guarantee the nation’s stability. The organization of individuals and groups into a workable political system which represents the interest of the majority is also a key to economic and political development. According to Lijphart, the best political system is the consensus democracy where even the interests of the minority groups are taken into account when it comes to policy (Lijphart, 1999: 31-33). With this regard, economic and political development is dependent upon political participation described by political organization and governance structure.

Courtroom Workgroup Essay

The purpose of court is straight forward, to bring a conflict to justice. As simple as that sounds there are many more roles than a judge and a jury. Bringing a conflict to justice is a team effort, that team is known as a courtroom work group. One of the major roles of this team is the prosecutor. The prosecutor is the attorney representing the state in one of the many trials on hand. With the excessive amounts of trials, the courtroom has a process called criminal justice funnel. This process helps minimize the amount of trials that are pending. The court room work group is a team of individuals processing the trial. Several groups make up the courtroom work groups. The criminal prosecutor, defense attorney, and a judicial officer make up the most common courtroom work group. Each individual has specific duties as part of the group. The judge is responsible for issuing warrants towards a defendant, determining bail amount or if bail is granted or denied, and presiding over trials. Defense attorney are appointed to the defendant. These attorneys can be privately retained which can be costly. Prosecuting attorneys known as the prosecutors or District Attorneys represents the state in criminal cases. There are other work group members such as the law clerks, court clerks, administrators, jurors, witnesses, police officers, and on occasion the news media. The criminal justice can be a long everlasting process. To help speed up the processing of the increasing number of cases that rise every minute, a relationship forms in courtrooms between the main groups in the system, including the judge, defense counsel and prosecutor. The courtroom workgroup shows remarkable explanatory power in overburdened courts dealing with large caseloads. I believe that there are certain changes that can be made to the courtroom. Having higher security for more violent offenders should be taking into precaution. Some jurors need to take into consideration the evidence that is being brought up upon them. I know of many cases that the defendant is declared guilty then later found out they were innocent. There will also always be the criminals let go because of a lack of evidence to convince a jury.

Dispute Settlement Understanding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Dispute Settlement Understanding - Essay Example The members of the WTO are aware of the clear and well established legal procedures available for smooth trading and enforce the relevant rules to settle disputes among themselves. These rules are contained in the understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (through Dispute Settlement Understanding or DSU)2 . The strict legal and policy framework of the DSU helps in promoting adherence to rules which are negotiated by WTO Members and since the rule of law rather than the rule of power is applicable and important, the DSU rules are beneficial for small and medium sized countries engage in worldwide trade so that there is very little scope for unilateral trade actions by large countries3. There are automatic establishments of panels to review complaints and disputes by WTO members and specific timelines are also established throughout the process so that all disputes are resolved quickly and efficiently. If the disputes are addressed in favour of a particular member, there are also provisions for a right to appeal against panel decision to a permanent Appellate Body on issues of law and automatic adoption of panel reports4. The WTO Members are encouraged to resolve disputes through consultations and for most disputes, reaching to the state of panel decision may also not be necessary5. If panel decisions are taken, the panel report and the Appellate Body report are adopted by WTO members and at a meeting of the Dispute Settlement Body, it becomes a WTO ruling. The members who are found to violate obligations are given a period of time to comply with the ruling in whatever manner possible. The member is given a time period within which it has to comply with the ruling. If the member fails to comply with the ruling, within the prescribed time limits, then it has to offer compensation to the complaining member during the time of pending compliance with the ruling. When there is disagreement on compensation, then the complaining member may be authorised to retaliate and take action until the other member has actually complied with the ruling. A rule based system seems to provide for a framework that helps to manage international trade relations and the trade disputes. The best method of resolving trade disputes have been considered as consultations and negotiations and when the consultations fail, then the dispute settlement provisions are utilised and panel decision may be sought.6 When even panel decisions fail, appeals are made to the Appellate Body and the legal provisions are identified and implemented. The DSU facilitates smoother trade transactions and exports between countries and also helps individual member countries to defend measures which may be challenged by the other trading partners7. In this assignment we will discuss the effects of Article 4, 6 and 23 of the

POLICE ADMINiSTRATION COMPLETE 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

POLICE ADMINiSTRATION COMPLETE 4 - Essay Example Second is depression; the nature of law enforcement makes officers to have interpersonal conflicts. These conflicts can escalate to depression causing levels. This can be detrimental to the officers’ health and work performance (p7). Professional handling of interpersonal conflicts reduces depression among officers. Others include post-traumatic stress disorder, traumatizing images like crime scenes etc. They usually lower officers work performance and it is good for administrative officers to ensure that officers are counseled to avoid these issues. As an administrative officer, the action i would take to ensure that my officers don’t get burnt includes; providing good working environment reduces stress and depression. Secondly I would ensure that they receive counseling services after traumatic experiences. This would reduce depression and post-traumatic stress disorder cases. After an ugly incident, I would recommend that my officers get counseling from professionals to ensure that they don’t get nightmares and bad images (233 words). 2) Using the internet and the text (chapter 13) give a narrative overview of the Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment, detailing the findings and analysis of this controversial experiment. (Minimum of 200 words) According to Kelling et al. (1974) The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment was a year-long experiment that was carried out in Kansas City between 1972 and 1973 to find out if police prevalence in an area can prevent crimes from being committed. Three controlled levels of routine preventive patrols were created and applied in the experimental areas. The areas were termed as â€Å"reactive† this is the area that received no preventive patrol. In this area, police officers only visited the area after receiving a call from the citizens which reduced police visibility. The second area was termed as â€Å"proactive,† in this area police visibility was increased two to three times its usual

Chinese Trade Profile Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese Trade Profile - Research Paper Example China is essentially the globe’s second-largest trading country after the United States of America. Statistics has it that she is the world’s leading exporter and comes second regarding imports. Between the years 2009 and 2011, the GDP ratio of China was about 53.1%, whereas her per capita was about $2,413 (Mion & Linke p 208). The output growth of China reached the highest value at 10.4% in 2010 for the period between 2009 and 2013 as shown in figure 2. Today, many countries all over the world prefer China to be their most vital bilateral trading partner. By 2011, China had become the largest exporter and importer by trading with 32 and 34 nations respectively (Mion & Linke p 208). The total value of Chinese exports is estimated to be $2.05 trillion.Her principal or primary export commodities include electrical and other machinery. These include data processing equipment, radio, telephone handsets, apparel and integrated circuits.  Ã‚  Export Markets Her major export second-large stong Kong, the US, Japan, Germany and South Korea. The US trades with 17.2% of the total exports (Mion & Linke p 208). Hong Kong has a statistic of 15.8% as Japan trades with 7.4% of the exports. China exports 4.3% and 3.4% of her goods to South Korea and Germany. The rest goes to other parts of the world like Africa. China exports were highest in the year 2010 for the period between 2009 and 2012 as shown in figure 2. The total value of Chinese leading import goods is $1.817 trillion.

(Q5.'Traditional' methods of project procurement have no further use Essay

(Q5.'Traditional' methods of project procurement have no further use within modern construction procurement'; is this so Discuss) - Essay Example Traditional methods of procurement have been the source of an enormous debate in regard to their current suitability especially in this modern era. Are they of any use or not? The paper will examine whether the statement that they have no use for the current construction procurement is right. It has been stated by Adenuga (2013) that the traditional technique of project procurement involves a group of specialized consultants entering into a contractual arrangement with the contractor and the client. The group of specialized consultants may constitute quantity surveyors, engineers, and other professionals. Their role is to oversee the contractor, who works on the real construction, and deliver a suitable design. Normally, the specialized consultants ply their trade in different corporations. However, they come together and offer their expertise to the client for a certain amount of money. The agreed amount is made possible by the bills of quantities. The contractor gets the work after going through a competitive bidding process. In addition, the contractor and the design can be conducted at the same time up to a certain point. However, the cost know-how is not estimated accurately. Under this method, there are cost reimbursement, lump sum, and measurement contracts. The t otal cost of the contract can be assessed as per the definite materials, labor, and plant cost; it can be done before the beginning of the construction through an agreement; or after the construction is complete respectively (Davis, et al., 2008). Do the traditional methods of project procurement have no use in the current procurement method? To determine if this is so, the pros and cons of the traditional forms of project procurement are examined. Under the pros, the client regulates the specialized group of consultants working on the design. Many clients may have familiarity with the methods. The

Analyse relations of power among actors in a supply chain of your Essay

Analyse relations of power among actors in a supply chain of your choice - Essay Example A supply chain involves all processes that receive and fulfill the customer request. The functions of a supply chain include marketing, operation, product development, distribution, customer service and finance. This paper seeks to analyze the relations of power among actors in the Wal-Mart supply chain. The success of a business lies in the management of the actors involved in the supply chain. This results in the achievement of improved value to consumers. The most profound challenge in a supply chain is the challenge of wastage. The Wal-Mart supply chain is committed to deliver exceptional value to customers. The management of the supply chain is committed to constructing an efficient and responsive supply chain by harmonizing the relations of power among the actors within it. The market place develops a competition of supply chains (Sehgal 2011). The strategic approach to the supply chain is to ensure the activities within the players are harmonized. The strategic approach to Wal -Mart supply chain The company has invested in core-competences among the players in the supply chain. Wal-Mart is estimated to have 90, 000 suppliers. About 200 of them are global suppliers e.g. Nestle, Kraft, Unilever and P&G. The actors of the supply chain face competition when passing value to the consumers (Dicker 2005). The companies are expected to deliberate on their role in the Wal-Mart supply chain. ... Wal-Mart supply chain actors have constructed strategies that allow them to remain competitive. Wal-Mart is committed to finding its competitive advantage and outsourcing the non-core competencies. There are several functions done by multiple firms which are linked to the success of the supply chain. The supply chain is developed upon these strategic links (Seifert 2003). However, the fragmentation of the production process for Wal-Mart has increased the pressure for centralized coordination. The firm has an international present and is expanding to new markets. The supply chain must add value to the firm (Fishman 2006). The management of the Wal-Mart supply chain has recognized that the real competition is not between companies within the supply chain. Rather, it is the competition between supply chains (Dicker 2005). Therefore, Wal-Mart pays attention to the quality and competence of the players within the supply chain. The Wal-Mart retailers, suppliers and transporters work to ens ure that the process of chain execution is flawless, smooth to give the firm a competitive advantage. Research indicates that the company that manages its supply chain with excellence wins the largest market share. Importance of power and theory in supply chains Wal-Mart actors Power can be defined as the ability for a company to own and control resources and assets within supply chains and markets to ensure sustainability in accumulation of value and leveraging the other actors. The practitioners in the Wal-Mart supply chain must identify the most appropriate context before executing a plan. The modern business is changing from appropriating value for oneself to a commitment to passing value to the consumers. In Wal-Mart the supply chain commences

Ending Government's Offending Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Ending Government's Offending Program - Essay Example Also, we wish to specifically know the length of time by which an offender commits another crime. Time series analysis in which we compare the result of for those offenders before and after the program was instituted will be done. The data will be gathered from the concerned institution and regression analysis will be conducted. The Ending Offending Program particularly targets treatment for offenders who are found to be substance abusers. The specific concern that the government faces with the substance abusers is the number of re-offending cases even after a punishment is served. This is based on the belief that until substance abuse is stopped, no significant change in behaviour will be expected, thus the likelihood of re-offending is still high. This particular program targets four treatment strategies: substance abuse awareness, lifestyle choices, awareness of attitudes or behaviour related to alcohol use and relapse prevention planning to manage triggers relating to alcohol abuse and to establish positive lifestyle choices (Queensland Corrective Services, 2009). The Queensland Corrective Services describe the program as "a culturally-specific program designed for Indigenous offenders to help address aspects of their criminogenic behaviour relating to alcohol abuse" (2009). ... ulturally-specific program designed for Indigenous offenders to help address aspects of their criminogenic behaviour relating to alcohol abuse" (2009). Specifically, the Ending Offending Program is an intervention that wishes to alter the drinking and drug use behavior of the offenders through a cognitive behavioural model that "uses both active and experiential learning exercises that are culturally appropriate" (Queensland Corrective Services, 2009). The specific goals of the program include changing the offenders "understanding, attitudes and behaviour in regards to alcohol use" (Queensland Corrective Services, 2009). For the purpose of evaluation, we will be looking at the effectiveness of the model in terms of curtailing substance and alcohol abuse and subsequently criminal offenses. So far, there are specifically four mentioned intervention programs and we will analyze each one - the substance abuse awareness, lifestyle choices, awareness of attitudes or behaviours related to alcohol use and relapse prevention planning to manage triggers relating to alcohol abuse and to establish positive lifestyle choices. The study will be conducted using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative method particularly time-series analysis will be done to test the over-all effect of the program versus the absence of the program. This necessitates the use of dummy variable so as the differentiate the period from which the intervention was introduced versus the period prior to the introduction of the program. Over-all, the program aims to reduce recidivism, reduce the negative consequences of alcohol and drug use, enhance the process of restitution and reparation and foster partnership in aboriginal development (Hunter, 1999). For this particular paper, we

The Economic Success of South Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Economic Success of South Korea - Essay Example On the contrary, Korea surprisingly experienced a continuous rise in average real wages since the sixties. This appears to defy the law of supply and demand for labor, that is, why wages would rise in a regime of abundant labor supply. Amsden (1990) attributes these to the following: First, high wages were in part due to the intense training and education in Korea to meet the demands of a technologically competent workforce. The increase in wages was the reward to individuals in the workplace who undertake additional training to complement the technology transfer. This contrasts with the traditional Asian model of the existence of ‘implicit contracts’ between workers and employers, where workers are rewarded for their loyalty and hard work in the performance of their duties. Second, the wage phenomenon in Korea has drawn attention to the segmentation of the labor market, on the basis of the qualifications required of the workers for the late industrialization. Workers wh o possessed the skill sets needed by a fast industrializing economy comprises a minority, at least at the time the industry is growing fastest, which the firms will seek to attract with higher wages. Finally, the increase in wages is partly justified by Korea’s fast growing GNP. Land reform and small-scale agriculture Amsden (1990) noted that one of the drivers of wages in modern Korean industries is the rapid increase in productivity in the agricultural sector. Prior to the seventies, the implicit wage received by male workers in agriculture surpassed the average wage of workers in manufacturing. There were few proletarians in Korean agriculture; the post-World War II agrarian reform made the tillers the owners of the land... The Korean economy is often looked up to as a model for economic success in Asia, although studies show that there are certain aspects where Korea departed from the Pacific-Asian model, and in other aspects are consistent with it. According to Ha-Joon Chang and Chul-Gyue Yoo (2000), from the 1960s to the mid 1980s, while Japan and Taiwan experienced consistent trade surplus, Korea lagged behind with a trade deficit resulting in foreign exchange shortage. As a result of the Asian crisis, the IMF recommended economic reform which followed the US-UK model. The equities market was opened to foreign investors, forcing the large publicly-listed companies to comply with international investors’ demand for short-term profits by minimizing investments. Korea’s economic growth thus fell from 6%-7% to below 4% per annum on per capita terms. Lower growth meant fewer jobs, lower wages, and poorer protection for the worker due to a relaxation of the labor laws. The welfare state and lifetime employment have been abandoned, causing great apprehension among Koreans about the future and their job security, since employers may more easily separate them from the company and replace them with younger, cheaper employees. Furthermore, Korean youth are opting more to become physicians and lawyers which are seen as more stable professions, rather than study science and technology which embody the skill sets industry needs (Ha-Joon Chang, 2012).

Multimedia Design †iOS vs. Android Essay Example for Free

Multimedia Design – iOS vs. Android Essay iOS ‘i’ stands for ‘Internet’. The term iOS was originally known as iPhone OS and was introduced in 2007 along with the first iPhone hardware device Apple released. It was the term used to describe the software that would operate the iPhone and is derived from the term OS X, which is how Apple describes its operating system for its Macintosh computers. The X stands for 10 which is the newest version of the computer software Apple created to operate the desktop and laptop computers they design. The iOS platform is a mobile-device-based software system that works like a computer system, but on mobile devices like portable phones. It is designed to be smaller, faster and use less power. It also has a touch friendly user interface so it works better when a finger is used to interface with the system instead of a mouse or stylus that has been used in the past to interact with operating systems. The iPhone has run on iOS since its release in 2007. Designed for use with Apple’s multi-touch devices, iOS supports input through direct manipulation. The system responds to various user gestures, such as pinching, tapping and swiping. Other iOS features include: Integrated search support enables simultaneous search through files, media, applications and email. Gesture recognition supports, for example, shaking the device to undo the most recent action. Google Maps direction services. Push email. Safari mobile browser. Integrated camera and video. Integrated media player. Direct access to the Apple Store’s catalogue of applications, music, podcasts, television shows and movies. Compatibility with Apple’s cloud service, iCloud. History 2007: iPhone OS 1 Revealed alongside the original iPhone in January 2007, the first Apple  smartphone operating system was not given a specific name until the following March, with the launch of the first Software Development Kit beta., when it became known as iPhone OS. The first iPhone could not support 3G, the copy and paste function, email attachments or MMS and couldnt run third party apps. Further updates included the introduction of the iTunes Music Store, allowing users to purchase music directly onto their phones (through a Wi-Fi connection) for the first time, and the ability to create their own ringtones. 2008: iPhone OS 2 Coinciding with the launch of the iPhone 3G, the second major update to the operating system saw the launch of the App Store, leading to the introduction of third party apps and games. Full support for Microsoft Exchange and the option to wipe your phone in the event of failing to enter your passcode were other new features, the latter being added in a subsequent update. Google Street View was enabled with the 2.2 update, featuring walking, driving and public transport options. 2009: iPhone OS 3 With the third incarnation for the new 3GS handset, the cut, copy and paste function finally became commonplace, alongside the long-awaited push notifications for third party apps. Video recording, MMS (multimedia messaging service) and voice control were also added, and users were given the chance to purchase films, TV shows and audiobooks through iTunes. Spotlight search enabled more comprehensive search through email, contacts, calendar, notes and within music, and the new voice memo function facilitated the recording and storing of audio notes. Purchasing within apps was also introduced, but only within paid-for apps. The 3.2 version contained a raft of improvements designed for use with the newly released iPad. While not supporting general multitasking, it was made to accommodate the differing resolution of a larger screen than the iPhone, as well as revamping apps specifically for the new platform. 2010: iOS 4 Introduced on June 21 2010, iOS 4 was the first operating system to bear the iOS name, released on the new flagship iPhone 4. Its folder system accommodated the storing of up to 12 similar apps within one mother folder,  while multitasking allowed apps to run simultaneously, such as writing an email while listening to Spotify, and navigation apps continuing to track your location in the background. iBooks, Apples ebook-reading software, and its parent iBookstore was introduced, and the improved 5MP iPhone 4 camera was complemented by tap to focus software and 5x digital zoom. The devices new front-facing camera also facilitated video calling feature FaceTime. 2011: iOS 5 2011 saw the launch of the iPhone 4S and with it, iOS 5. The main new feature was Siri, Apples voice-activated virtual assistant that had previously been downloadable from the App Store as a third party app. Now integrated into the OS, Siri now communicated with other apps to make calls, check emails and transcribe text. Containing more than 200 new features, iOS 5 heralded the arrival of iOS user messaging system iMessage, Twitter integration across a range of apps and online storage facility iCloud, replacing previous system MobileMe. 2012: iOS 6 Tim Cook took to the stage at Apples 2012 WorldWide Developers Conference shocked fans by announcing that Google Maps would not feature in latest incarnation iOS 6, and would be replaced by the companys own inbuilt Maps app. Siri also received a makeover, featuring restaurant recommendations, the ability to dictate tweets or Facebook statuses and film reviews. A year after Twitter integration into Apples native apps, Facebook was added to the fold, and Apple launched its answer to Google Wallet, Passbook, will collated tickets, boarding passes and coupons within the single app. 2013: iOS 7 iOS 7 marked a radical aesthetic departure for Apple, masterminded by Sir Jony Ive, and debuted on the twin release of the iPhones 5s and 5c. The new flattened and pared-back user interface drew praise and criticism in equal measures. The single-swipe control centre feature allowed users to quickly access key settings such as WiFi, Airplane mode, Bluetooth and the newly-introduced torch without having to delve into the Settings menu. Siri was upgraded to both male and female voices, and redesigned to understand French and German. Other changes included a new camera interface with a  square photo mode, full multitasking for all apps and new wallpapers. 2014: iOS 8 Announced at the 2014 WWDC conference in June, iOS 8 will feature new frameworks HealthKit and HomeKit, integrating apps to track health data and the standardisation of controlling internet-enabled home appliances. It is expected to ship on the iPhone 6, which Apple is believed to be preparing to announce at next weeks special event in San Francisco. Other new features include being able to sent audio and video messages by holding down a record button while inside the Messages app, new predictive typing feature QuickType and the new and improved file hosting service iCloud Drive. Features With an easy-to-use interface, amazing features and security at its core, iOS 8 is the foundation of iPhone, iPad and iPod touch. It’s designed to look beautiful and work beautifully, so even the simplest tasks are more engaging. And because iOS 8 is engineered to take full advantage of the advanced technologies built into Apple hardware, your devices are always years ahead — from day one to day whenever. Elegant and intuitive interface From the moment you pick up iPhone, iPad or iPod touch, you know how to use it. That’s because iOS was designed to be easy to understand. The simple-yet-beautiful Home screen invites you to discover each of the built-in apps. So straight away, you’re browsing your favourite websites, capturing a few candids or texting your friends. And no matter what you’re doing or what app you’re using, everything feels easy, intuitive and even fun. Built-in features and apps that make your device — and you — more capable iOS and an ever-expanding collection of features and built-in apps make iPhone, iPad and iPod touch even more powerful, innovative and a joy to use. 1. Photos Every photo you take is ready to edit and share in seconds, straight from your iOS device. And you can search for your favourite photos by time, location and album, or browse by Collections and Moments — smart groupings of your photos and videos based on time and place. 2. Me ssages Messages lets you send any kind of message, any way you want to send it. Tap to add your voice to a conversation. Send a video of what you’re seeing the  moment you’re seeing it. And now you can manage your group conversations by naming them, adding and removing contacts, muting them or leaving them altogether. 3. Music When it comes to your music, this is home base. Create playlists for every mood. Or let Genius do it for you. 4. Maps Apple-designed from the ground up (and the sky down), this built-in app shows you incredible detail — even at full zoom. Maps keeps street names where they belong and keeps you heading in the right direction with spoken turn-by-turn navigation. 5. Face Time With a tap, you can make video calls or audio-only calls from your iPhone or iPad to someone else’s. And you can do it over Wi-Fi or cellular networks. So you can be there, even when you’re not there. 6. Safari It’s the world’s most popular mobile browser. Safari puts the focus where it should be: the web. When you open a web page, the address and navigation bars move out of the way until you need them. Bookmarks are easy to add and edi t, and features like Reading List, Shared Links and iCloud Tabs let you get to the content you need when you need it. 7. AirDrop Sharing with AirDrop is faster and more convenient than an email or a text, especially when the person you want to share with isn’t in your Contacts. Just tap to send photos, videos, contacts — and anything else from any app with a Share button — to anyone nearby who’s also running iOS 8 or OS X Yosemite. 8. Health Now your activity tracker, heart rate monitor, and other health and fitness apps can talk to each other. Which means they’ll be able to work even harder for you. And all the information is accessible in one easy-to-read dashboard. 9. AirPlay AirPlay lets you wirelessly stream what’s on your iOS device to your HDTV and speakers via Apple TV. Or mirror exactly what’s on your display to the big screen. Holiday photos, blockbusters, the latest games — you choose how to go large. Hardware and software made for each other. Because Apple makes both the hardware and the operating system for iPad, iPhone and iPod touch, everything is designed to work together. So apps take full advantage of hardware features such as the dual-core processor, accelerated graphics, wireless antennas and more. Multitasking is a perfect example. iOS learns when you like to use your apps and updates the content in them at power-efficient times, like when your device is already in use and connected to Wi-Fi. So the content in your favourite apps stays up to  date without a major drain on your battery. With the App Store, there’s almost no limit to what your iOS device can do. iOS is the platform for well over a million mobile apps — and counting. And every app starts with the right DNA. So we’ve made iOS 8 the biggest release for developers since the introduction of the App Store. It offers new APIs to enable even more amazing features and bold new technologies for game development. And the App Store makes all of these apps easy to access, easy to search and easy to buy using the same account you use for iTunes. Just browse the App Store on your iOS device and download them with a tap. iCloud. Everything you need. Anywhere you need it. iCloud makes sure all your devices always have the latest versions of your most important things, including documents, apps, contacts, calendar events and more. iCloud Drive lets you access all your files from any device. With Family Sharing, all your photos, videos, music and iTunes purchases can be shared easily with your family across multiple Apple devices. Find My iPhone helps you locate your lost iPhone, iPad, iPod touch or Mac. And iCloud Keychain securely remembers your user names, passwords and credit card information so you don’t have to. Easy to update. iOS updates are free. And they’re available to download wirelessly on your iPhone, iPad or iPod touch the moment they’re released. Your device even alerts you when it’s time to get the latest version. So you won’t miss out on all the amazing features in new updates. Safety and security come standard. iOS provides built-in security from the moment you turn on your device. That’s because the hardware, firmware and operating system come with built-in features designed to help your device — and what you put on it — stay safe. 1. Security. Malware and viruses aren’t confined to desktops anymore. They can infect mobile devices too. Which is why Apple takes security seriously when it comes to iOS. For starters, hardware and firmware features are designed to protect against malware and viruses, while iOS features help to secure your  personal information. Touch ID lets you use your fingerprint as a passcode, preventing unauthorised access to your device. When you use a passcode, it automatically encrypts and protects your email, calendar events, contacts, reminders, notes, messages and third-party apps. 2. Privacy. iOS is designed to put your privacy first. If an app wants your location information or data from Calendar, Contacts, Reminders or Photos, it needs your permission first. And you have complete control of how Health and HealthKit use your data. Your conversations over iMessage and FaceTime are encrypted, including predictive text. So no-one but you and the person you’re talking to can see or read what’s being said. And features built into Safari give you the ability to browse privately, block cookies and prevent websites from tracking you. 3. Find My iPhone Activation Lock. Your iPhone is your iPhone, no matter where it is. The same goes for your iPad and iPod touch. Because security features in iOS make it very difficult for anyone who’s not you to use or sell your device. Turning off Find My iPhone or erasing your device requires your Apple ID and password. Find My iPhone can also continue to display a customised message, even after your device is erased. And your Apple ID and password are required before anyone can reactivate it. 4. iCloud Keychain. Most of the websites you visit nowadays require user names and passwords. Remembering them all can be tough, but you can let iCloud Keychain do it for you. It stores your website user names and passwords on the devices you’ve approved, protects them with robust 256-bit AES encryption and keeps them up to date on each device. Then it automatically fills them in whenever and wherever you need them. Password Generator can even suggest unique, hard-to-guess passwords for your online accounts. iCloud Keychain works with credit card information too, so checking out takes no time at all. Accessibility built in. iOS includes a variety of accessibility features that help people with disabilities experience more of what iPhone, iPad and iPod touch have to  offer. The built-in VoiceOver screen reader allows those who are blind or have low vision to hear a description of the item they’re touching on the screen. Made for iPhone Hearing Aids are Bluetooth devices that allow you to experience clearer phone conversations and music, and you can manage them directly from your iOS device. With Guided Access, you can restrict an iOS device to one app, and even limit the amount of time spent in an app. Which can be helpful to people with autism or other attention and sensory challenges. And Switch Control gives individuals with limited physical or motor skills complete control of their device through switch access. iOS also offers many other beneficial accessibility features, such as dynamic screen magnification, playback of closed-captioned video, mono audio, simplified screen gestures and more . iOS knows many languages. iPhone, iPad and iPod touch support keyboard and dictionary functions for multiple languages and dialects. Switch languages on the fly.  iOS lets you take your pick of over 35 system languages and easily switch between them. Because the keyboard is software-based, you can select from over 55 different layouts with support for diacritic marks on characters, and contextual character options for Japanese. VoiceOver reads screens in more than 35 languages, and Voice Control understands over 20 languages. Advantages 1. Camera Camera Shoot in burst mode, only click on capture and then press volume button You can take Picture continuously. 2. Multitasking The phone has multitasking features. User can running two or more Apps at a same time. 3. Airdrop You can do sharing of document and Apps with the desktop by Wi-Fi. You can share document at a time with multiple people. 4. iBeacon iBeacon facility is newly added in iOS7. The sharing of document and Apps by the sensor via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). 5. Automatic Update The iOS 7 update regularly with their application. It also has manually update options. 6. High Speed The iOS 7 has provide high speed to idevises . 7. Kids Categories The iOS 7 has children and parents according applications. The new features has a new part of the App Store. 8. Automatic Backgrounds Refresh In iOS 7 Background refresh regularly get refresh. And it refresh its All application. 9. Out of the way interfaces User can make interface  with friends by different ways. 10. Delete Clutter iOS 7 has delete Clutter and textures automatic. By this facility iOS 7 is safe with any Malware. Android Introducing Android. The worlds most powerful mobile platform. Theres no other software quite like Android. Google engineered Android, and Google’s own apps run best on it. And with millions of apps, games, songs, and videos on Google Play, Android is great for fun, and for getting things done. Android devices come in all kinds of sizes, with all sorts of features, and at all sorts of prices. Each version of Android is named after a dessert, and the most recent version of Android is Jelly Bean. With Android, you’re in control of your mobile experience. Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in more than 190 countries around the world. Its the largest installed base of any mobile platform and growing fast—every day another million users power up their Android devices for the first time and start looking for apps, games, and other digital content. Android gives you a world-class platform for creating apps and games for Android users everywhere, as well as an open marketplace for distributing to them instantly. History V1.0- Marked the first commercial release of Android. At this time it was not widely available but had many new features that were important and still used today. These included Android Market for application upates and for new Applications Web Browser for full XTML/HTML web browsing. Google Apps full set of app by Google(Mail,SMS,Maps etc.) V1.1- This was a update to 1.0 that had many bug fixes and added a few features such as a Maps update. It was only available for ther T-Mobile G1. V1.5 or Cupcake was released in April 2009. It had several new approvements. Among the new features were Widgets for embedded small apps Contacts improvements including the pictures added to ever contact Animations for smooth scrolling and screen changes Bluetooth support update for audio pairing and sharing V1.6 or Donut was released in September of 2009 and had many improvements Voice and Text Improvements Touch Screen improvements Multi select for photos Camera access improvements and faster access Search Option for faster access V2.0/2.0.1/2.1 or Eclair was released in Oct 2009 and had several improvements and looks remarkably similar to today’s Android versions. Bluetooth 2.1 support Hardware and U.I. improvements Calendar improvements for date and not settings Account Sync improvements allow user to sync cultivable account on one phone Multi Touch improvements to allow better multitouch support Screen size and contrast improvements. Include bigger screens and better contrast ratios Android 2.2/2.2.1/2.2.2/2.2.3 or Frozen Yogurt (Froyo) was released May of 2010 and improved on many features. There were many key features in this version of Android including Adobe Flash support for rich web content Speed and memory improvements Cloud messaging support USB tethering Multi Language support Bluetooth dock and car support WiFi hotspots support JIT Compilation for application speed improvements 2.3/2.3./2.3.3./2.3.4 or Gingerbread was released in December of 2010 and as of the time of this writing has become the most widely used Android version. Some of the new features included U.I. or Interface improvements gave it a more simple but quicker interface Virtual Keyboard updated and improved for  a better and faster layout. copy/paste enhancements where a user could just press and hold New Codec support for more audio/video formats Power Management enhancements gyroscope/barometers support input enhancements for game developers V 3.0/3.1/3.2 or Honeycomb was released in Feb of 2011 and was a tablet(and later Google TV) only release. Some of its features included Holographic interface that was optimized for a tablet U.I. Improved keyboard support for larger screens Multi Core processor support Hardware acceleration for faster hardware view gallery in full screen interface System bar for better multitasking that allows you to switch from one app to another. Resizable home screen widgets(3.1+) external keyboard/mouse support (3.1+) FLAC audio codec support (3.1+) Android 4.0/4.01 was first released in Oct 2011 and was a major improvment upon both 2.x and 3.x. It blended both interfaces and had full support for both phones and tablets. Some of the notable features included Folder system improvements making easier to create. Launcher improved to be customizable Tabbed Browsing improved to allow up to 16 tabs facial recognition support to locking/unlocking phone photo editor built in to Android 4.x Android Beam support to share contacts and files Chrome Bookmark sync support Wi-Fi direct support to connect with other users without access point User Interface hardware acceleration for faster access. Android 4.1 Android Jellybean saw full release in early 2012 and improved on Android 4.0 in many ways. It took the common features of Android 4.0 and made it more fluid. Some features include: Browser has improved performance, CPU and memory efficiency Full HTML 5 support to bring Android up to new web standards Calendar is improved and has features blend with one another bidirectional text means more input languages to make the platform accessible to more people around the world. dictionaries are now more accurate and more relevant A update to Android 4.1 is now available. It is still counted as Jellybean but updated to new features that include: Photo Sphere allows you to use take 360 degree pictures among other new camara features Gesture Typing lets you type much faster but takes some getting used to but can make typing much faster. Google Now updated with new features Android 5.0 Key Lime Pie rumored to be the next version of Android. Global partnerships and large installed base Building on the contributions of the open-source Linux community and more than 300 hardware, software, and carrier partners, Android has rapidly become the fastest-growing mobile OS. Every day more than 1 million new Android devices are activated worldwide. Android’s openness has made it a favorite for consumers and developers alike, driving strong growth in app consumption. Android users download more than 1.5 billion apps and games from Google Play each month. With its partners, Android is continuously pushing the boundaries of hardware and software forward to bring new capabilities to users and developers. For developers, Android innovation lets you build powerful, differentiated applications that use the latest mobile technologies. Powerful development framework Easily optimize a single binary for phones, tablets, and other devices. Android gives you everything you need to build best-in-class app experiences. It gives you a single application model that lets you deploy your apps broadly to hundreds of millions of users across a wide range of devices—from phones to tablets and beyond. Android also gives you tools for creating apps that look great and take advantage of the hardware capabilities available on each device. It automatically adapts your UI to  look its best on each device, while giving you as much control as you want over your UI on different device types. For example, you can create a single app binary thats optimized for both phone and tablet form factors. You declare your UI in lightweight sets of XML resources, one set for parts of the UI that are common to all form factors and other sets for optimzations specific to phones or tablets. At runtime, Android applies the correct resource sets based on its screen size, density, locale, and so on. To help you develop efficiently, the Android Developer Tools offer a full Java IDE with advanced features for developing, debugging, and packaging Android apps. Using the IDE, you can develop on any available Android device or create virtual devices that emulate any hardware configuration. Open marketplace for distributing your apps Google Play is the premier marketplace for selling and distributing Android apps. When you publish an app on Google Play, you reach the huge installed base of Android. As an open marketplace, Google Play puts you in control of how you sell your products. You can publish whenever you want, as often as you want, and to the customers you want. You can distribute broadly to all markets and devices or focus on specific segments, devices, or ranges of hardware capabilities. You can monetize in the way that works best for your business—priced or free, with in-app products or subscriptions—for highest engagement and revenues. You also have complete control of the pricing for your apps and in-app products and can set or change prices in any supported currency at any time. Beyond growing your customer base, Google Play helps you build visibility and engagement across your apps and brand. As your apps rise in popularity, Google Play gives them higher placement in weekly top charts and rankings, and for the best apps promotional slots in curated collections. Preinstalled on hundreds of millions of Android devices around the world, Google Play can be a growth engine for your business. Features Take Google with you. Take Google with you on your mobile device: all the Google products you know and love, designed to work best on Android phones and tablets. Search the web The fastest, easiest way to find what you need on the web and your phone or tablet. Enjoy the power of Google search wherever you are. With Google Now, get just the right information at just the right time. Browse fast on your Android phone or tablet with Chrome. Bring your personalized Chrome experience with you anywhere you go. Navigate your World Never get lost as you go to new places and old favorites. Get voice-guided turn-by-turn GPS navigation to your destination, powerful local search with full place reviews and summaries from Zagat editors, detailed maps with 3D buildings, live traffic information and more with Google Maps for Android. Connect Share Stay connected and share epic moments as they happen. Start a group video chat on the go with up to nine people at once with Google+ Hangouts, and never lose another mobile photo with Instant Upload. Be entertained Get all your apps entertainment in one place. Google Play brings you the worlds largest collection of eBooks, millions of songs, thousands of movies and TV shows, and a growing selection of magazines – plus over 600,000 apps and games. With Google Play, you can now read, listen and watch anywhere you want — on your tablet, phone, or on the web at play.google.com — no wires, no syncing and no storage costs. YouTube puts millions of videos at your fingertips, available on the go wherever you are. Create Collaborate Google Drive gives you one place to create, share, collaborate and keep your stuff, accessible on all your devices. With Gmail, get smarter email wherever you are, integrated with contacts and apps on your Android phone or tablet. Your stuff, always available, no wires needed. When you sign in to your phone or tablet with Google, you can access all of your Google stuff (contacts, photos, Gmail and more) quickly and easily. You can also enjoy all of your favorite entertainment across your Android devices and even your computer — no wires, no syncing. Play everywhere you go. Google Play is the easiest way to enjoy all your favorites: more than 700,000 apps and games, millions of songs, thousands of movies and TV shows, the worlds largest collection of eBooks, and a growing selection of magazines. With Google Play, theres no wires, no hassle, just pure entertainment. You can now read, listen and watch anywhere you want—on your tablet, phone, or in any browser at play.google.com. Powerful, simple, and beautiful Millions of people use Android because it’s so powerful yet still so easy. The home screen, apps, and widgets are simple to use right out of the box, but completely customizable. With Android, you can create a unique mobile experience that’s just right for you. Widgets Put the important stuff right within reach and interact with your favorite apps directly from your home screen with widgets — see the latest sport scores, view your favorite photos, check the weather or peek at your inbox all without having to open different apps or leave the home screen. Notifications An easy-to-read notification tray gives you quick access to your calls, incoming texts, and new emails in a non-intrusive way. Multi-tasking With Android, you can quickly and seamlessly switch between apps and pick up whatever you were doing. Juggling multiple tasks at once on a mobile device has never been easier. Voice typing and actions Control your Android device with your voice. Simply touch the microphone on the keyboard and start talking to write emails, SMS, or any other text — more than 30 languages supported. Text appears in real time, so there’s no waiting. Photos and videos Capture special moments with great photos and videos, explore your shots and quickly share your favorites in any way that you want.

Commentary on Jonathan Swifts Essay A Modest Proposal Essay Example for Free

Commentary on Jonathan Swifts Essay A Modest Proposal Essay Jonathan Swift cleverly illustrates a very â€Å"humble† solution to the crisis in Ireland in his personal essay, â€Å"A Modest Proposal. † His voice urges annoyance and frustration, evoking a tone of sarcasm. Through the use of cynical language, he creates an intense and informative response. He uses language to create imagery which he intends to elicit a response of shock and moral responsibility. His intention is to mock Ireland and the economic crisis they have got themselves in. Swift appropriately chooses strong imagery and describes a â€Å"melancholy object† that comes from walking through Irish streets and seeing â€Å"beggars of the female sex† and â€Å"three, four, or six children, all in rags. † Swift wants this image to convey the severe challenges that Ireland is facing. These women are panhandling for food, instead of working â€Å"for their honest livelihood,† and that influences their children to do the same or leave for the â€Å"Pretender in Spain. The â€Å"deplorable state† of Ireland is causing grave situations for the impoverished. The English Protestants have been mistreating the Irish, and England has â€Å"consumed† Ireland. Because of England, Ireland faces a lack of power, and Swift uses this verisimilitude in order to take advantage of his satire and to present the â€Å"devouring† of poverty-stricken infants of Irish born mothers. The circumstances in Ireland at that time, the key parallel between both situations are their shared consequence: a country destined to collapse. Swift’s arguments against their current â€Å"schemes† of Ireland are well constructed and convincing. The children or the mothers will no longer beg for â€Å"charity† on the streets. â€Å"A child will make two dishes,† and will be offered in sale to people. This will bring quality and fortune, through the nation. He has â€Å"maturely weighed the several schemes of other projectors. † He believes that these â€Å"schemes† are much miscalculated in their â€Å"computation. † If the previous â€Å"schemes† had worked then there would be no poverty or â€Å"voluntary abortions. He uses strong diction to let one know that he is not proud of his country or the people. His proposal makes complete logical sense. He has everything figured out. Certain terms he uses when he compares the Irish children to farm animals, and that they should be â€Å"consumed. † Diction such as â€Å"stock,† â€Å"pigs,† â€Å"cattle,† â€Å"fatten them up,† all imply to Swift’s analogy to people and livestock. This implies that the Irish just stand around and bend down to an authority of a higher power, and also that the English treat the Irish as worthless workers. The Irish are valuable in financial means to their owners and so are livestock. The Irish just marry and bear children, and wait for wealth to come. This is just what the English want, they want the Irish to be weaker and not take a stand. Therefore, Swift quite subtly proposes that instead of these children being a burden on the already poor parents, the children should â€Å"contribute† themselves to the nation in a form of food or clothing. Swift uses imagery to set the tone of voice and to consistently keep it going throughout the essay. He conjures up images to create an illusion that the solution to the economic crisis in Ireland is quite effortless to solve. Swift is expecting the Irish people to understand that they are responsible of the crisis and they have no patriotism towards their own country. This imagery is created because of language, he expects the people of the nation to do something about the â€Å"distresses† being faced. Swift consistently repeats women and children â€Å"begging,† he wants to clarify that he’s not only writing an essay about the economy but also about moral responsibility of the nation. He explains about the â€Å"voluntary abortions;† these women murder their children because they can’t afford to provide for their children. He constantly explains the â€Å"present distresses,† expressing his frustration and shame towards the country. Swift is generous with his disdain and his ironic representations are not only meant to criticize the society of Ireland, but also to motivate the Irish to take action in rectifying the damage that Ireland has tolerated. Swift has no other motive but to only hope for the public good and â€Å"public consideration. †

The role of a Medical Lab Technician is critical

The role of a Medical Lab Technician is critical Cleaning and care of general laboratory Glassware and equipment. Diagnostics plays prominent role in the field of Medicine. Proper diagnosis of the disease plays an important role in concluding the patients condition without which medical treatment/ surgery can not be obtained. The role of a Medical Lab Technician is critical for proper diagnosis and interpretation of results. Clinical studies in the fields of Medicine, Pharamacutical Industries, and Nutrition etc. also require the technicians. 1.1. Introduction to Medical Lab Technology Medical Laboratory Technology also called Clinical laboratory science is an allied health profession which is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease through the use of clinical laboratory tests. It is a combination of the techniques along with the application of theoretical knowledge to perform complex procedures on tissue specimens, blood samples and other body fluids. They look for bacteria, parasites, and other microorganisms; analyze the chemical content of fluids; match blood for transfusions; and test for drug levels in the blood that show how a patient is responding to treatment. The tests which are performed provide critical information enabling physicians to diagnose, treat and monitor a patients condition. A Medical Laboratory Technologist (MLT) do these tests by analyzing body fluids, tissues, blood typing, microorganism screening, chemical analyses, cell counts of human body etc. The process carried out by a technician is Collection of the patients information Sampling Testing of samples Reporting and documentation of the results They determine the presence, extent or absence of disease and provide data needed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. The various application of medical lab technology include, Laboratory Technicians is required in various departments in medical and Pharmacy colleges In diagnostic centers In hospitals of various sectors Quality control RD sectors of Drug Manufacturing units Clinical studies in various laboratories National Institute of Nutrition Central Drug Research Laboratory Molecular Biology Labs With increasing automation and the use of computer technology, the work of technologists and technicians has become less hands-on and more analytical. The complexity of tests performed, the level of judgment needed, and the amount of responsibility workers assume depend largely on the amount of education and experience they have. Clinical laboratory technologists usually do more complex tasks than clinical laboratory technicians do. There are two levels of medical laboratory workers Technologists Technicians Technologists: Medical technologists have more training and job responsibilities. They perform complex tests such as microscopic examinations of tissues, blood and other body fluids to detect evidence of disease and detect the presence of bacteria, fungi, parasites etc and chemical tests to determine blood cholesterol levels. They also match blood samples for transfusions and test drug levels in blood to determine how patients are responding to medications. They are often responsible for making sure that testing is done accurately. In some labs, technologists conduct research under the supervision of medical researchers. Medical technologists work in five major areas of the laboratory Blood banking Clinical Chemistry (chemical analysis of body fluids) Hematology (blood related) Immunology (study of immune system) Microbiology (study of bacteria and other disease organisms) Clinical chemistry technologists: They prepare specimens and analyze the chemical and hormonal contents of body fluids. Microbiology technologists: They examine and identify bacteria and other microorganisms. Blood bank technologists: Also referred as immunohematology technologists, collect, type, and prepare blood and its components for transfusions. Immunology technologists examine elements of the human immune system and its response to foreign bodies. Cytotechnologists: They prepare slides of body cells and examine these cells microscopically for abnormalities that may signal the beginning of a cancerous growth. Molecular biology technologists: They perform complex protein and nucleic acid testing on cell samples. Technicians: Medical technicians do routine laboratory testing manually according to instructions. They work under Technologists or supervisors. Technicians may prepare specimens and operate machines that automatically analyze samples. In addition to running tests, technicians set up, clean, and maintain laboratory equipment, such as centrifuges, microscopes etc. They also prepare standard solutions for use in the lab. This involves measuring and mixing the correct amount of various chemicals. ___________________________________________________________________ 1.2. ROLE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIST: _____________________________________________________________________ A Clinical Laboratory Scientists role is to provide accurate laboratory results in a timely manner. Safeguards, such as experimental controls, calibration of laboratory instruments, delta checks and periodic surveys should be carried out. Medical laboratory technologists work in a dynamic and evolving environment, and use technological equipment to provide information that must be processed rapidly and accurately. The major role of clinical lab technologists is: They perform a full range of laboratory tests from simple prenatal blood tests, to more complex tests to uncover diseases such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and cancer. They are responsible for confirming the accuracy of test results, and reporting laboratory findings to pathologists and other physicians. The information result given by the lab technologist influences the medical treatment a patient will receive. They operate complex electronic equipment, computers, and precision instruments costing millions of dollars. They assist doctors and nurses in choosing the correct lab tests and ensure proper collection methods. They receive the patient specimens, analyze the specimens, interpret and report results. A pathologist may confirm a diagnostic result, but often the medical lab technologist is responsible for interpreting and communicating critical patient results to the physician. They should recognize anomalies in their test results and know how to correct problems with the instrumentation. They take preventive measures to minimize errors and reject contaminated or sub-standard specimens. Role of Medical Laboratory Technologist: The medical technician has the job of carrying out the more basic tasks and his responsibilities include: Ensuring that the laboratory and the equipments and glassware used in laboratory remains clean. Proper placement of chemical, equipments and glassware. Ensuring that there are proper labels pasted on the bottles of chemicals and reagents. The equipment used in the lab is in proper shape and handled carefully and proper safety measures are observed when handling specimens. All specimens and other material in the lab are disposed off in a safe and appropriate manner. A complete record of tests carried out in the laboratory is maintained. Fresh material is indented through a medical officer and the material is stored in a proper and safe fashion. Common tests performed in a clinical lab are: Complete blood count (CBC) Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) Liver function tests (LFT) Renal function tests (RFT) Thyroid function test (TFT) Urine analysis Hematological analysis Lipid profile Semen analysis (for fertility and post-vasectomy studies) Serological studies Routine cultures. ______________________________________________________________________ 1.3. ETHICS: ______________________________________________________________________ The medical lab technologists are bound by the ethical codes. Laboratories shall not engage in practices restricted by law and should uphold the reputation of their profession. The medical lab technologists are required to adhere to the following code of ethics The general idea of healthcare ethics is the welfare of the patient. The laboratory should treat all patients fairly and without discrimination. The main aim of laboratory ethics is collecting the proper information of the patient, which enables the requested examinations and other laboratory procedures to be carried out Safety of staff and other patients are legitimate concerns when communicable diseases are possible and information may be collected for these purposes. All the information is collected with the knowledge of the patient and the patients should be informed regarding the procedure carried out. Forcing some one to undergo medical testing of any kind is an invasion of privacy and a violation of human rights. Special procedures, including the more invasive procedures, will require a more detailed explanation and, in some cases, written consent. The result of the test should be kept strictly confidential and to be reveled only with the concern of the patient. The laboratory should endeavor to see that results with serious implications are not communicated directly to the patient without the opportunity for adequate counseling. Procedures that are carried out should be published in established/authoritative textbooks, peer-reviewed texts or journals or in international, national or regional guidelines. Any manipulation of result is completely unacceptable. The results should be reported to the doctor and may be reported to other parties with the patients consent or as required by law. The laboratory results should be correctly interpreted and applied in the patients best interest. All records should be legible and stored such that they are readily retrievable. Records may be stored on any appropriate medium subject to national, regional or local legal requirements. As per National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) guidelines, the minimum period for retention of test reports issued shall be five years for histopathology and cytopathology and one year for other disciplines. _____________________________________________________________________ 1.4. Responsibilities of medical lab technologist _____________________________________________________________________ Medical laboratory technologists perform examinations with a microscope, perform complex tests, analyze the results, and report them to the medical professional for diagnostic use. Medical Laboratory Technologists operate a variety of complicated instruments. They must have good motor skills, hand-eye coordination and manual dexterity. In addition to technical skills, they must have a strong attention to detail in order to detect subtle change to the microscopic appearance of blood, tissue and bacterial cells. MLTs must also determine the validity of the results they obtain, which requires analytical and critical thinking. MLTs work in an ever-evolving environment, and on occasion need to design new procedures to reflect the rapid pace of change in their workplace. Whether working alone or as a member of a team, the MLT must be able to manage time efficiently and communicate clearly. Responsibilities of medical lab technologists usually include: Conducting advanced chemical, bacteriological, immunologic, biological and hematological tests Examining specimens with microscopes Making cultures of tissues and body fluids to reveal parasites, bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms Analyzing chemical content, chemical reactions and blood concentrations of certain compounds Typing and cross-matching samples of blood for transfusions Evaluating results of tests Establishing and modifying programs and procedures to ensure quality control and test accuracy Supervision of medical lab technicians (also known as clinical lab technicians). The medical technician has the job of carrying out the more basic tasks and his responsibilities include Ensuring that the laboratory and the equipments and glassware used in laboratory remains clean. Proper placement of chemical, equipments and glassware. Ensuring that there are proper labels pasted on the bottles of chemicals and reagents. The equipment used in the lab is in proper shape and handled carefully and proper safety measures are observed when handling specimens. All specimens and other material in the lab are disposed off in a safe and appropriate manner. A complete record of tests carried out in the laboratory is maintained. Fresh material is indented through a medical officer and the material is stored in a proper and safe fashion. _____________________________________________________________________ 1.5. Safety Measures and First Aid _____________________________________________________________________ Safety is not just a concept but it is a habit which must be developed by every person associated with the medical laboratory field. One should remain attentive and cautious during the time he or she is inside the laboratory as a small mistake can lead to a grave situation. The personnel working in the medical laboratory must be aware of the how to handle the chemicals, glassware, specimen and equipments etc. as mishandling or improper handling may lead to serious injury or contamination and is dangerous to life. Certain basic safety steps that must be followed in the laboratory are Keep the workplace clean and organized. Label all storage areas, refrigerators, etc., appropriately, and keep all chemicals in properly labeled containers. Date all bottles when received and when opened. Note expiration dates on chemicals. Note special storage conditions. Be aware of how to handle and store hazardous materials such as Flammables Radioactive Compounds Corrosives Biohazards Toxics Carcinogens Reactive Compressed Gases Follow the safety instructions for handling chemicals and segregate chemicals by compatibility groups for storage. Be aware of the potential interactions of lab furniture and equipment with chemicals used or stored in the lab. (e.g., are oxidizers stored directly on wooden shelving?) Post warning signs for unusual hazards such as flammable materials, biohazards or other special problems. Use equipment only for its designated purpose. Position and secure apparatus properly to avoid any damage to personnel or equipment. Use protective clothing all the time (e.g. lab coat, face mask, gloves etc.) Do not smoke, eat or drink in the laboratory. Ensure proper disposal of waste generated from the laboratory. Clinical lab technologists generally deal with infectious samples. Therefore proper methods of infection control and sterilization are followed, few hazards exist. Protective masks, gloves, and goggles often are necessary to ensure the safety of laboratory personnel. First Aid in Laboratory Accidents: Accidents in the lab may result from either chemicals including acids or alkalis coming in contact with any body part or toxic substances or from heat of flames, hot liquids, explosions etc. Broken glass or contamination from infected material or specimen and electric shock might also lead to accidents. The first thing to be followed is that one should not panic and handle the situation in a more calm and composed manner. Some of the first aid procedures for accidents from the above mentioned sources are as under First Aid for accident caused by acid burn or contact: Wash immediately with good amount of water preferably running water and in case of larger spills safety shower should be used. After washing apply neutralizer or 5% sodium carbonate solution on skin and in case acid gets into the eye then administer 4 drops of 2% aqueous sodium bi-carbonate solution. In case the acid is consumed then make the patient drink 5% soap solution or give him two egg whites mixed with 500 ml of milk or water. In the event of non availability of these two make the person drink lot of ordinary water. Consult a physician. First Aid for Alkali burns Instantaneously wash with large amounts of water and do it repeatedly. Once washed apply a 5% acetic acid or undiluted vinegar solution to the affected portion of the skin. In case the alkali has got into the eye then after washing use a saturated solution of boric acid and repeatedly pour drops in the eye. In case the alkali has been swallowed then give a 5% acetic acid or lemon juice or diluted vinegar solution to the patient and after that make the person drink 3 to 4 glasses of ordinary water. Refer to a physician. First aid in case of Poisoning In case of oral poisoning induce vomiting by making the patient drink warm salt water to drink and keep on repeating it till the vomit is clear. However in case of the chemical which the person has consumed is a acid, solvent or alkali or the person in unconscious then do not try to induce vomit. Call for medical aid immediately. If the poisoning is caused by gas then instantaneously take the victim out of the affected area and make him or her lie down in a horizontal position. Consult a doctor urgently. In the event of percutaneous poisoning, remove the contaminated clothes immediately and wash the affected region. Call for medical aid immediately. In all the cases of poisoning, awareness of the toxicity of chemical substance can be helpful while administering medical aid. Burns resulting from Heat The burns that occur due to heat arising flames or hot liquids or explosions etc. can be majorly classified into two categories i.e. the major or severe burns where a large part of the body is affected and it is mostly 2nd or 3rd degree burn and the other is minor or small burns in which a small portion of the body gets affected and it is mostly a 1st degree burn. In case of minor burns dip the affected part in ice cold water for some time and repeat the same. After that apply ointment on it. Refer to a physician. For major burns if the person is on fire then roll the person in a blanket to douse the flames. After that make the person lay down and try to calm him. Call for medical help immediately and do not apply any medicine. First aid for injuries resulting from broken glass In case of small cuts or injuries wash the wound at the same time and try to remove glass pieces if any. Apply mercurochrome or acriflavine ointment on it and cover the wound with gauze and adhesive tape. In case of deep cuts or when there is plenty of bleeding then try to stop the bleeding by pressing down on it with a compress. Call for immediate medical help. Contamination by infected material Injuries resulting from broken glassware which contained infected material or specimen fall under this category. For these types of injuries the advisable first aid is Instantaneously wash the wound with clean water. In case the cut is not bleeding then make it bleed by squeezing hard for a couple of minutes. Using antiseptic lotion wash the complete area including the edges of the cut and the wound. After that wash it with soapy water and then again with antiseptic lotion. Refer a doctor. First aid in case of electric shock Electric shock might result from faulty equipment or carelessness like using wet hands on electrical equipment etc. and can cause the person to faint or asphyxia. In such a case first switch off the main switch. Immediately start giving mouth to mouth respiration. Call for medical help simultaneously. Every laboratory must have the first aid equipment which includes, 1. First Aid Box containing instruction sheet with general guidance, sterile adhesive dressings in different sizes, a bottle containing eye drops, scissors, sterile eye pads, safety pins, antiseptic lotion, sterile eye pads and first aid manual. 2. Sodium Carbonate 5% solution. 3. 2% sodium bi-carbonate solution 4. Boric Acid saturated solution. 5. Antiseptic lotion 6. Soap powder solution (per liter of water add 5g) 7. 5% Acetic acid solution 8. Cotton wool and gauze 9. Rolled Bandage 10. Adhesive tape 11. Mercurochrome and iodine tincture. _____________________________________________________________________ 1.6. CLEANING AND CARE OF GENERAL LABORATORY GLASSWARE AND EQUIPMENTS ______________________________________________________________________ Cleaning of Glassware: For getting successful results from the experiments performed in a laboratory it is essential that the glassware gets perfectly cleaned. However cleaning of laboratory glassware is not a very easy task. Glassware has to be clean physically, chemically as well as free of any germs. Much of the time, detergent and tap water are neither required nor desirable. You can rinse the glassware with the proper solvent, and then finish up with a couple of rinses with distilled water, followed by final rinses with deionized water. Washing Glassware: Rinse the glassware with the appropriate solvent. Rinse with other solvents as needed, followed by ethanol and finally deionized water. If the glassware requires scrubbing, scrub with a brush using hot soapy water, rinse thoroughly with tap water, followed by rinses with deionized water. Some of the commonly used lab glass wares are: Burette: Wash with hot soapy water, rinse thoroughly with tap water, and then rinse 3-4 times with deionized water. Be sure the final rinses sheet off of the glass. Burettes need to be thoroughly clean to be used for quantitative lab work. Pipettes: The glassware is soaked overnight in soapy water. Clean the pipettes using warm soapy water. The glassware may require scrubbing with a brush. Rinse with tap water followed by 3-4 rinses with deionized water. Volumetric Flasks: Wash the flask with soapy water and then rinse 3-4 times with deionized water. Glassware should be allowed to air dry on the shelf. It should not be dries using a paper towel or forced air since this can introduce fibers or impurities that can contaminate the solution. If glassware is to be used immediately after washing and must be dry, rinse it 2-3 times with acetone. This will remove any water and will evaporate quickly. Glass Slides Cover Glass Slides should first be washed, and then placed in solution containing glacial acetic acid for around 10 minutes. Afterwards the slides and cover glass are thoroughly rinsed with distilled water and then wiped perfectly dry using paper towels or clean cloth. As soon as this is done they should be placed in a wide jar containing alcohol. Culture Tubes Culture tubes should be sterilized prior to cleaning. Culture tubes should be autoclave it for half an hour at around 121 °C (15 p.s.i. pressure). The tubes when emptied must be brushed with water and detergent and then rinsed with running tap water. After this it should be rinsed with distilled water, and placed properly for drying. Detergents used for washing Most detergents are very effective for most cleaning problems encountered. However for best results the detergents made especially for laboratory glassware must be used. Some of the commonly used detergents are sulfuric dichromate and acid-alcohol. Maintenance of Equipments The increasing level of technical sophistication and complexity found in clinical laboratory instrumentation today more than ever demands careful attention to maintenance service needs. The time-worn caution for careful definition of requirements for acquisition of a system should also carry over to maintenance service of these equipments. Certain common type of laboratory equipment and their proper usage care is as under: Microscope Microscope the most vital equipment in the laboratory which is used for magnifying a small object or image by 100, 400 or even 1000 times of the original size. Microscope is made up of two words micro scope wherein micro means small and scope means to view. A laboratory may have various microscopes depending upon what is their power, usage etc. Being aware of the importance of microscope its care and cleaning must also be give due importance so that the equipment gives correct results. Some of the cleaning procedures to be followed are Dust should be cleaned off with pressurized air or with a soft brush Clean smudges, fingerprints, oils, etc from the lens with clean lens paper or a soft clean cloth moistened with a small amount of absolute alcohol-ether mixture. If an alcohol-ether mixture is unavailable, use isopropyl alcohol Clean the microscope body and stand using a moist, soft cloth with a small amount of detergent. Working temperatures are: 32 ° F-104 ° F (0 °C-40 °C). Max. relative humidity: 85% Use water only on plastic surfaces Do not use paint thinner or other solvents Do a final wipe with a moist soft cloth Dry all surfaces after cleaning Besides these cleaning processes the daily care which must be ensured while handling the microscope include Always cover the microscope with the supplied dust cover when not in use Store in a dry place In humid or moist environments, it is advisable to store the microscope in a waterproof container with a drying agent Do not touch the optical lens with bare fingers Do not store the microscope in direct sunlight. Sunlight can influence the quality of the specimen imaging. Lift the microscope with both hands. As almost all the procedures of a medical laboratory require the use of microscope so as such handling it in a proper fashion is mandatory. Photometer or Calorimeter The photometer is a device which is used to measure optical density or color intensity or absorbance of solutions. Based on the arrangement of obtaining monochromatic light, the photometers are categorized as filter photometers or spectrophotometers. The normal precautions to be observed while handling photometers are as under Do not pour out samples or prepare the tests directly over the instrument. Always cap the test tubes after preparing the blank and test sample. Wipe test tubes with a clean tissue to remove drips or condensation before placing in the photometer. Do not leave tubes standing in the photometer test chamber. Remove the tubes immediately after each test. Immediately wipe up any drips or spills on the instrument or in the test chamber with a clean tissue. Keep the instrument clean. Clean the test chamber regularly using a moistened tissue or cotton ball. Keep the instrument away from all chemicals and cleaning materials. Keep the instrument in a clean, dry place when it is not in use. Keep it on a clean, dry bench away from chemicals, place it in a storage cupboard or keep it in a carrying case. Keep the carrying case in a clean, dry condition. Make sure that the carrying case is dry before the case is closed up and the instrument is put away. Centrifuge A centrifuge is a an equipment, generally driven by an electric motor or spun by hand, that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis. The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration causes more dense substances to separate out along the radial direction. By the same token, lighter objects will tend to move to the top. There are various types of centrifuges preparative centrifuge analytical centrifuge angle fixed centrifuge swing head centrifuge haematocrit centrifuge Industrial centrifuges may otherwise be classified according to the type of separation of the high density fraction from the low density one Screen centrifuges, where the centrifugal acceleration allows the liquid to pass through a screen of some sort, through which the solids cannot go (due to granulometry larger than the screen gap or due to agglomeration). Common types are: Pusher centrifuges Peeler centrifuges Decanter centrifuges, in which there is no physical separation between the solid and liquid phase, rather an accelerated settling due to centrifugal acceleration. Common types are: Solid bowl centrifuges Conical plate centrifuges In order to ensure proper working of the equipment certain care and maintenance procedures should be followed like Inspect the centrifuge chamber for accumulations of sample, dust of glass particles from broken glass tubes and clean appropriately to ensure that no unwanted particle is left in the chamber. Centrifuge tubes made of strong glass must be used in the machine. The centrifuge speed should be increased gradually. Disinfecting centrifuges is very necessary to maintain the precision of the tests being carried out. Take proper care of the rotor in terms of cleaning and keeping it scratch free by not using steel wool, wire brush or abrasives etc for cleaning. Never pour water directly into the sample chamber. Autoclave An autoclave is a device to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure steam at 121  Ã‚ °C or more, typically for 15 to 20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents. There are mainly two types of autoclaves Stove Type Autoclave Front Loading Autoclave Following are recommendations for the care and use of autoclaves The steam should be saturated and free from corrosion inhibitors or other chemicals, which could contaminate the items being sterilised. All materials to be autoclaved should be in containers that allow ready removal of air and permit good heat penetration; the chamber should not be tightly packed or steam will not reach the load evenly. Bags should allow the steam to reach their contents. For autoclaves without an interlocking safety device that prevents the door being opened when the chamber is pressurized, the main steam valve should be closed and the temperature allowed to fall below 80C

GCSE English Directors Notes on Act 4 of The Crucible by Arthur Miller

GCSE English Directors Notes on Act 4 of The Crucible by Arthur Miller As the Director of this play, I feel it is my responsibility to offer you advice on playing the character of John Proctor. I'm sure you'll find it may help you to understand the character if you are aware of the social and historical context of the play. The play is set in 1692 and is based upon the outbreak of accusations in Salem, Massachusetts. Arthur Miller wrote the play The Crucible, using the 17th-century case of witch trials (and fictionalising it) to comment on a 20th-century phenomenon-the hunting of communists as if they were witches. In 17th century Salem the inhabitants feared witchcraft, like America feared communism, both were exaggerated and both communities overreacted to an insignificant threat to their stability of life. Arthur Miller had always had a personal interest in the Salem Witch trials, but at the time he was writing the play, America was in the middle of the McCarthy political "Witch Hunt". Miller himself was called up before a committee for signing petitions, and he began to notice many similarities between the two trials, such as the naming of names and public confessions. This has meant that his play is seen as a political parable. In 1692, the colonists in Salem were Puritans and very protective of their particular religion and would tolerate no other. They felt threatened by those who were different, witches were the most extreme in difference to their way of life and so everything from death to a poor harvest was blamed on them. Proctor is presented at the beginning of the play as a stern, harsh-tongued man, however, he is well respected in the village. We soon learn of his affair with Abigail, his servant, who was dismissed because Proctor's wife found out about the affair. Proctor is involved in a disagreement about land and when he returns home in the evening it becomes apparent that he sees straight through the accusations of witchcraft being thrown about the village. Abby still loves John Proctor but her feelings for him are not returned. Proctor's wife Elizabeth is found to be pregnant but some doubt this, but Proctor says his wife would never lie. Proctor convinces Mary to go to court and tell the court that it is all fraud, but Mary becomes frightened and says Proctor is the one who has allegiance to the Devil; Hale who clearly doubt... ...The court collapses shortly afterward, undone by the refusal of its victims to propagate lies. Another one of the plays themes relevant to Act 4 is Reputation. , Proctor seeks to keep his good name from being spoilt. Early in the play, he has a chance to put a stop to the girls' accusations, but his desire to preserve his reputation keeps him from testifying against Abigail. At the end of the play, however, Proctor's desire to keep his good name leads him to make the choice not to make a false confession and to die without signing his name to an untrue statement. "I have given you my soul; leave me my name!" he cries to Danforth. By refusing to ruin his name, he redeems himself for his earlier sins and dies with integrity, another theme of the play. In conclusion, you should reflect in your representation of Proctor the many changes he goes through in this Act. From ashamed, to righteous as he denies the court a false confession. Proctor is honest and upright, but has made one mistake, which confessing to cost him his life. He is very proud and his integrity is very important to him, I wish you the very best of luck in playing this complex character on stage.

The Old Man And The Sea :: essays research papers

Relationship, External Nature and Dignity in The Old Man and The SeaMan has always suffered his most to achieve his goal. However if one doesn't experience the danger; will not be prepared to handle his problems. Experience is a part of life which gives man his true identity. Does this identity comes from one's luck or struggle? Relationships on the other hand interpret strength and dignity. Ernest Hemingway has shown this through Manolin's behavior. He is a young boy who follows Santiago and listen to his wisdom. If this dignity is eliminated will it effect there relationship? Santiago's fight with nature symbolizes the troubles of existence. Does this mean that the outer existence is nothing but a perilous world? Relationship, External nature and Dignity are the major themes in The Old Man and the SeaA very important relationship in the novella The Old Man and the Sea is that between Manolin and Santiago. Manolin supports Santiago and helped him to confront his greatest challenge. Manolin proves this when he says, "I would like go fishing with you. I would like to serve you in some way" (p. 15). Manolin is the first person who appreciates Santiago's experience and skills. He wants to be like Santiago and be a skillful fisherman (p.24). Manolin's concern for Santiago is very significant to their relationship. It keeps the united even after a huge difference in their age. When Santiago returns after loosing his spectacular catch, it's Manolin who cries at the sight of the wounds "he saw the old man's hand and started to cry" (p. 122), and vows that he will never allow the old man to fish alone again. Therefore' Manolin has proven his relationship to Santiago through his moral respect. The danger confronting Santiago in the external nature represents the troubles of existence. Heminway's, The Old Man and the Sea represents many meanings to the out side existence. The marlin for example represents struggle, trouble and the last challenge Santiago went through. Santiago's struggle as a fisherman with marlin also symbolizes durability by putting up such a struggle. Accomplishing or obtaining something doesn't always end one's journey. Once Santiago hooked the fish (marlin) he still has further complications (p.57). First, the fish might dive to the bottom and break the line; second, it might die, and sink (p.72). The sharks bring him more trouble afterwards. The cost him to loose his stuff, "He took my harpoon and my rope (p.